TL;DR: A swollen belly in an unspayed female cat is a life-threatening emergency, most often caused by a severe uterine infection called pyometra. Immediate veterinary intervention is required to prevent fatal complications like septic shock or uterine rupture.
What causes a swollen belly and lethargy in an unspayed female cat?
- Pyometra: A life-threatening bacterial infection where the uterus fills with pus.
- Advanced Pregnancy: Distension due to kittens or complications during labor (dystocia).
- Fluid Accumulation: Buildup in the abdomen caused by organ failure or Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP).
Is a distended abdomen in my unspayed cat considered a medical emergency?
Urgency Level: High. This condition is rapidly fatal without surgical intervention, such as an emergency spay. Contact a veterinarian immediately if you observe the following:
- Hiding or extreme lethargy.
- Refusing food or water.
- Visible vaginal discharge.
- Signs of septic shock or uterine rupture.
How does taking a photo help the emergency vet triage my cat?
A photo helps the triage team evaluate the shape and severity of the abdominal distension to prioritize your cat's care. Please provide:
- A "bird's-eye" view looking down at her back to see the width of the abdomen.
- A side-profile view to evaluate the shape of the swelling.
- Photos of any visible discharge or changes in the mammary glands.
Clinical Context (Merck Veterinary Manual)
In unspayed female cats presenting with a swollen belly and lethargy, pyometra should be a primary differential. Physical examination may reveal dehydration, uterine enlargement, and a sanguineous or mucopurulent vaginal discharge if the cervix is open. Diagnostic evaluation may reveal leukocytosis with a left shift, or leukopenia in cases of sepsis, along with a mild, nonregenerative anemia. Immediate treatment includes stabilization with intravenous fluids and broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotics, correcting any electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. Ovariohysterectomy is recommended after initial stabilization, especially if the animal is severely ill or future reproduction is not desired. Medical management with prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) to evacuate the uterine contents may be considered for animals intended for breeding, but is contraindicated in severely ill animals due to potential adverse effects and delayed clinical improvement. Oral antibiotics, based on culture and sensitivity results, should be continued for 7-10 days after surgery.
Chapter: Reproduction, Infectious Disease, Surgery
Source: The Merck Veterinary Manual, 11th Edition (Page 1398)