TL;DR: Canine papillomas are benign "dog warts" that typically resolve without treatment, but you should consult a veterinarian if they bleed, become infected, or interfere with your dog's ability to eat.
What are canine papillomas and how do I recognize them on my dog?
Canine papillomas, commonly referred to as dog warts, are benign growths caused by the canine papillomavirus. These growths typically appear as small, flesh-colored, cauliflower-like bumps on the lips, muzzle, or inside the mouth. They are most frequently seen in puppies and young dogs whose immune systems are still developing, or in older dogs with compromised immunity. While they may look concerning, they are viral in nature and generally painless.
Is a canine papilloma a medical emergency and when should I contact a vet?
The urgency level for a typical lip papilloma is Low, and most cases do not require an emergency room visit. However, you should schedule a veterinary appointment if you notice the following:
- The papilloma begins to bleed excessively.
- The growth shows signs of a secondary infection, such as pus or a foul odor.
- The mass grows so large that it prevents your dog from eating or drinking comfortably.
How does providing a photo of the growth help with the triage process?
Capturing a clear, high-resolution photo of the growth is one of the most helpful triage steps because it:
- Allows a veterinary professional to assess the texture, color, and location of the mass.
- Helps differentiate a harmless viral wart from more serious conditions like mast cell tumors or histiocytomas.
- Ensures your dog receives the correct priority level for a physical examination.
Clinical Context (Merck Veterinary Manual)
Canine papillomas are benign growths caused by canine papillomavirus, most frequently involving the oral mucosa and commissures of the lip, but can also affect the palate and oropharynx. These growths are most common in young dogs, appearing suddenly with rapid growth and spread, and may interfere with prehension, mastication, or swallowing. Occasionally, the dog may bite the papillomas during chewing, leading to bleeding and secondary infection. While papillomas typically regress spontaneously within a few weeks to months, surgical removal of one or more papillomas may initiate regression if necessary via electro- or radiosurgery or sharp resection. In severe cases where the dog cannot swallow or breathe normally, the use of commercial or autogenous vaccines should be considered.
Chapter: Dermatology, Infectious Disease
Source: The Merck Veterinary Manual, 11th Edition (Page 953)